Homework-Related Parental Emotions Scale (PES-Home): Development, Validation, and Links to Personality Traits

Obermeier R, Schlesier J, Gläser-Zikuda M (2026)

Publication Type: Journal article

Publication year: 2026

Journal

Education Sciences MDPI

Book Volume: 16

Article Number: 1021

Journal Issue: 7

DOI: 10.3390/educsci16071021

Abstract

Educational success is shaped by students’ social background, making parental support with homework particularly important for younger learners. Beyond instructional help, the emotional quality of this support may influence parent–child interactions and, in turn, students’ outcomes. However, little is known about the emotions that parents experience during homework support or how these emotions relate to parents’ personality traits. Therefore, the present study surveyed N = 903 parents (MAge = 42.40, SD = 5.60; 87.4% female, predominantly mothers) of sixth-grade students using the newly developed Homework-Related Parental Emotions Scale (PES-Home) to assess parents’ emotions during homework support. In addition, parents reported personality traits of openness and extraversion as well as further individual characteristics (gender, age, marital status, number of children at home, educational attainment, and weekly working hours). The results of the exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses indicate that the PES-Home scales exhibit sound psychometric properties and reliably capture the three emotions of enjoyment, anxiety, and anger. Bivariate correlations and findings of a path model reveal significant links between parents’ emotions and their openness, extraversion, and additional individual characteristics. Specifically, higher educational attainment, more children in the household, and longer working hours are each associated with less favorable emotional experiences during homework support. Our findings highlight that research on parental homework support is still at an early stage and requires further investigation.

Authors with CRIS profile

Michaela Gläser-Zikuda Lehrstuhl für Schulpädagogik mit dem Schwerpunkt empirische Unterrichtsforschung

Involved external institutions

Johannes Kepler Universität (JKU) Linz AT Austria (AT) Bergische Universität Wuppertal DE Germany (DE)

How to cite

APA:

Obermeier, R., Schlesier, J., & Gläser-Zikuda, M. (2026). Homework-Related Parental Emotions Scale (PES-Home): Development, Validation, and Links to Personality Traits. Education Sciences, 16(7). https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci16071021

MLA:

Obermeier, Ramona, Juliane Schlesier, and Michaela Gläser-Zikuda. "Homework-Related Parental Emotions Scale (PES-Home): Development, Validation, and Links to Personality Traits." Education Sciences 16.7 (2026).

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